Strict separation of config from code.

Overview

Python Decouple: Strict separation of settings from code

Decouple helps you to organize your settings so that you can change parameters without having to redeploy your app.

It also makes it easy for you to:

  1. store parameters in ini or .env files;
  2. define comprehensive default values;
  3. properly convert values to the correct data type;
  4. have only one configuration module to rule all your instances.

It was originally designed for Django, but became an independent generic tool for separating settings from code.

Build Status Latest PyPI version

Why?

The settings files in web frameworks store many different kinds of parameters:

  • Locale and i18n;
  • Middlewares and Installed Apps;
  • Resource handles to the database, Memcached, and other backing services;
  • Credentials to external services such as Amazon S3 or Twitter;
  • Per-deploy values such as the canonical hostname for the instance.

The first 2 are project settings and the last 3 are instance settings.

You should be able to change instance settings without redeploying your app.

Why not just use environment variables?

Envvars works, but since os.environ only returns strings, it's tricky.

Let's say you have an envvar DEBUG=False. If you run:

if os.environ['DEBUG']:
    print True
else:
    print False

It will print True, because os.environ['DEBUG'] returns the string "False". Since it's a non-empty string, it will be evaluated as True.

Decouple provides a solution that doesn't look like a workaround: config('DEBUG', cast=bool).

Usage

Install:

pip install python-decouple

Then use it on your settings.py.

  1. Import the config object:

    from decouple import config
  2. Retrieve the configuration parameters:

    SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')
    DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool)
    EMAIL_HOST = config('EMAIL_HOST', default='localhost')
    EMAIL_PORT = config('EMAIL_PORT', default=25, cast=int)

Encodings

Decouple's default encoding is UTF-8.

But you can specify your preferred encoding.

Since config is lazy and only opens the configuration file when it's first needed, you have the chance to change its encoding right after import.

from decouple import config
config.encoding = 'cp1251'
SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')

If you wish to fall back to your system's default encoding use:

import locale
from decouple import config
config.encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(False)
SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')

Where is the settings data stored?

Decouple supports both .ini and .env files.

Ini file

Simply create a settings.ini next to your configuration module in the form:

[settings]
DEBUG=True
TEMPLATE_DEBUG=%(DEBUG)s
SECRET_KEY=ARANDOMSECRETKEY
DATABASE_URL=mysql://myuser:[email protected]/mydatabase
PERCENTILE=90%%
#COMMENTED=42

Note: Since ConfigParser supports string interpolation, to represent the character % you need to escape it as %%.

Env file

Simply create a .env text file in your repository's root directory in the form:

DEBUG=True
TEMPLATE_DEBUG=True
SECRET_KEY=ARANDOMSECRETKEY
DATABASE_URL=mysql://myuser:[email protected]/mydatabase
PERCENTILE=90%
#COMMENTED=42

Example: How do I use it with Django?

Given that I have a .env file in my repository's root directory, here is a snippet of my settings.py.

I also recommend using pathlib and dj-database-url.

# coding: utf-8
from decouple import config
from unipath import Path
from dj_database_url import parse as db_url


BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).parent

DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool)
TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG

DATABASES = {
    'default': config(
        'DATABASE_URL',
        default='sqlite:///' + BASE_DIR.child('db.sqlite3'),
        cast=db_url
    )
}

TIME_ZONE = 'America/Sao_Paulo'
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True

SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')

EMAIL_HOST = config('EMAIL_HOST', default='localhost')
EMAIL_PORT = config('EMAIL_PORT', default=25, cast=int)
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = config('EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD', default='')
EMAIL_HOST_USER = config('EMAIL_HOST_USER', default='')
EMAIL_USE_TLS = config('EMAIL_USE_TLS', default=False, cast=bool)

# ...

Attention with undefined parameters

In the above example, all configuration parameters except SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY') have a default value in case it does not exist in the .env file.

If SECRET_KEY is not present in the .env, decouple will raise an UndefinedValueError.

This fail fast policy helps you avoid chasing misbehaviours when you eventually forget a parameter.

Overriding config files with environment variables

Sometimes you may want to change a parameter value without having to edit the .ini or .env files.

Since version 3.0, decouple respects the unix way. Therefore environment variables have precedence over config files.

To override a config parameter you can simply do:

DEBUG=True python manage.py

How does it work?

Decouple always searches for Options in this order:

  1. Environment variables;
  2. Repository: ini or .env file;
  3. Default argument passed to config.

There are 4 classes doing the magic:

  • Config

    Coordinates all the configuration retrieval.

  • RepositoryIni

    Can read values from os.environ and ini files, in that order.

    Note: Since version 3.0 decouple respects unix precedence of environment variables over config files.

  • RepositoryEnv

    Can read values from os.environ and .env files.

    Note: Since version 3.0 decouple respects unix precedence of environment variables over config files.

  • AutoConfig

    This is a lazy Config factory that detects which configuration repository you're using.

    It recursively searches up your configuration module path looking for a settings.ini or a .env file.

    Optionally, it accepts search_path argument to explicitly define where the search starts.

The config object is an instance of AutoConfig that instantiates a Config with the proper Repository on the first time it is used.

Understanding the CAST argument

By default, all values returned by decouple are strings, after all they are read from text files or the envvars.

However, your Python code may expect some other value type, for example:

  • Django's DEBUG expects a boolean True or False.
  • Django's EMAIL_PORT expects an integer.
  • Django's ALLOWED_HOSTS expects a list of hostnames.
  • Django's SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER expects a tuple with two elements, the name of the header to look for and the required value.

To meet this need, the config function accepts a cast argument which receives any callable, that will be used to transform the string value into something else.

Let's see some examples for the above mentioned cases:

>>> os.environ['DEBUG'] = 'False'
>>> config('DEBUG', cast=bool)
False

>>> os.environ['EMAIL_PORT'] = '42'
>>> config('EMAIL_PORT', cast=int)
42

>>> os.environ['ALLOWED_HOSTS'] = '.localhost, .herokuapp.com'
>>> config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', cast=lambda v: [s.strip() for s in v.split(',')])
['.localhost', '.herokuapp.com']

>>> os.environ['SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER'] = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO, https'
>>> config('SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER', cast=Csv(post_process=tuple))
('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https')

As you can see, cast is very flexible. But the last example got a bit complex.

Built in Csv Helper

To address the complexity of the last example, Decouple comes with an extensible Csv helper.

Let's improve the last example:

>>> from decouple import Csv
>>> os.environ['ALLOWED_HOSTS'] = '.localhost, .herokuapp.com'
>>> config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', cast=Csv())
['.localhost', '.herokuapp.com']

You can also have a default value that must be a string to be processed by Csv.

>>> from decouple import Csv
>>> config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', default='127.0.0.1', cast=Csv())
['127.0.0.1']

You can also parametrize the Csv Helper to return other types of data.

>>> os.environ['LIST_OF_INTEGERS'] = '1,2,3,4,5'
>>> config('LIST_OF_INTEGERS', cast=Csv(int))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> os.environ['COMPLEX_STRING'] = '%virtual_env%\t *important stuff*\t   trailing spaces   '
>>> csv = Csv(cast=lambda s: s.upper(), delimiter='\t', strip=' %*')
>>> csv(os.environ['COMPLEX_STRING'])
['VIRTUAL_ENV', 'IMPORTANT STUFF', 'TRAILING SPACES']

By default Csv returns a list, but you can get a tuple or whatever you want using the post_process argument:

>>> os.environ['SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER'] = 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO, https'
>>> config('SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER', cast=Csv(post_process=tuple))
('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https')

Built in Choices helper

Allows for cast and validation based on a list of choices. For example:

>>> from decouple import config, Choices
>>> os.environ['CONNECTION_TYPE'] = 'usb'
>>> config('CONNECTION_TYPE', cast=Choices(['eth', 'usb', 'bluetooth']))
'usb'

>>> os.environ['CONNECTION_TYPE'] = 'serial'
>>> config('CONNECTION_TYPE', cast=Choices(['eth', 'usb', 'bluetooth']))
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
ValueError: Value not in list: 'serial'; valid values are ['eth', 'usb', 'bluetooth']

You can also parametrize Choices helper to cast to another type:

>>> os.environ['SOME_NUMBER'] = '42'
>>> config('SOME_NUMBER', cast=Choices([7, 14, 42], cast=int))
42

You can also use a Django-like choices tuple:

>>> USB = 'usb'
>>> ETH = 'eth'
>>> BLUETOOTH = 'bluetooth'
>>>
>>> CONNECTION_OPTIONS = (
...        (USB, 'USB'),
...        (ETH, 'Ethernet'),
...        (BLUETOOTH, 'Bluetooth'),)
...
>>> os.environ['CONNECTION_TYPE'] = BLUETOOTH
>>> config('CONNECTION_TYPE', cast=Choices(choices=CONNECTION_OPTIONS))
'bluetooth'

Contribute

Your contribution is welcome.

Setup your development environment:

git clone [email protected]:henriquebastos/python-decouple.git
cd python-decouple
python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
tox

Decouple supports both Python 2.7 and 3.6. Make sure you have both installed.

I use pyenv to manage multiple Python versions and I described my workspace setup on this article: The definitive guide to setup my Python workspace

You can submit pull requests and issues for discussion. However I only consider merging tested code.

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2017 Henrique Bastos <henrique at bastos dot net>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Comments
  • decouple get .env file from two parent folders of the project.

    decouple get .env file from two parent folders of the project.

    I do not have a .env file in the project folder, but I have one in a folder at the top parent directory outside of project folder. Decouple are reading this file.

    /home/user/repository/
        | .env # decouple should not read this file
        | github/
            | projects/
                | myproject /
                    | manage.py
                    | myproject/
                        | settings.py
                        | urls.py
                        | wsgi.py
                    | app1/
    
    opened by luzfcb 14
  • Environment variables must override .env settings

    Environment variables must override .env settings

    In the Unix world settings and application parameters are usually evaluated in the following order:

    1. CLI arguments (eg. python -u)
    2. Environment variables (eg. PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1)
    3. Local settings files (eg. ./project/setup.cfg)
    4. User settings files (eg. $HOME/.setup.cfg)
    5. System settings files (eg. /etc/setup.cfg)

    But python-decouple change this order and use the .env file settings even if we've a envvar with diferent value:

    https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/blob/master/decouple.py#L127-L131

    I would like to propose the following (backward incompatible) change for the method above:

        def get(self, key):
            try:
                return os.environ[key]
            except KeyError:
                return self.data[key]
    
    opened by osantana 10
  • Support for multiline strings

    Support for multiline strings

    Hello, it seems like decouple does not currently support the variables split on multiple lines

    # .env file
    FOO="foo
    bar"
    
    # python
     from decouple import config
    
    >>> config('FOO')
     '"foo'
    

    Of course for a small example like that I could write `FOO="foo\nbar" but for an RSA key it becomes long. It seems that the issue is that the config reader only checks the lines with the = sign

    opened by christophe-riolo 9
  • Conditional required variables proposal

    Conditional required variables proposal

    Being able to set defaults is very good since I can set a local development configuration that does not require any effort from new developers to start working on the project. But Id like to be able to tell that some variables must be set in a production environment.

    Here is a solution proposal that does not break the current design:

    from decouple import config
    
    DEBUG = config('DEBUG', cast=bool)
    THIS_IS_REQUIRED = config('THIS_IS_REQUIRED', default='local-value', required_if=(not DEBUG))
    THIS_IS_NOT_REQUIRED = config('THIS_IS_NOT_REQUIRED', default='local-value')
    

    In this example situation, if DEBUG is False and the variable THIS_IS_REQUIRED is not set, UndefinedValueError should be raised.

    opened by filipeximenes 8
  • Dúvida em relação ao arquivo .ini ou .env

    Dúvida em relação ao arquivo .ini ou .env

    Fala Henrique, blz cara?! Cara, estou com uma dúvida em relação ao python-decouple e queria ver se você poderia responder. Minha dúvida é a seguinte: Usando o decouple vou ter minhas variáveis setadas no .ini ou .env e o decouple vai acessar esse arquivo e pegar esses valores. Até ai tudo bem, mas esse arquivo não é comitado, certo?! Nesse caso, ele ficaria na minha máquina. Como faz quando um novo dev vai desenvolver? E se eu perder esse arquivo (formatar a máquina, der algum pau sei lá). Pode parecer idiota a pergunta mas é uma pergunta que não consegui sanar. Desde já agradeço. Abraço

    opened by hlrossato 7
  • How to use decouple with a regular python library?

    How to use decouple with a regular python library?

    I am using decouple with a library I am developing. It works just fine when I am testing it from the development directory. However after I install the library and try to import it from a python process started on a arbitrary directory, it cannot find the settings.ini even if I copy it to the directory I am starting python from.

    In such cases, where should the settings.ini be placed? this should be made clear in the documentation.

    opened by fccoelho 7
  • add changelog and tags for 3.2 and 3.3 releases

    add changelog and tags for 3.2 and 3.3 releases

    There's no git tag for the 3.2 and 3.3 releases that happened in November. Can you add/push the git tags?

    Also, there's nothing in the CHANGELOG about what changed.

    Based on commits, I think the changes are as follows:

    python-decouple 3.2:

    • fixed typos in documentation
    • add editorconfig file
    • fix handling for configuration values that end in single or double quotes (#78)
    • add support for encoding env files in other encodings (#62) (#64)
    • improve csv documentation (#59)

    python-decouple 3.3:

    • enforce search order in settings files
    • switch to using strtobool (#71)

    Thank you!

    opened by willkg 6
  • An option to specify .env filename

    An option to specify .env filename

    Hi. Similarly to django-configurations, it could be very convenient to be able to specify an environment filename with variables, not just to have .env hard-coded. For example, I could therefore specify a set of vars for different environments, e.g. prod.env, staging.env, and I could switch them using another env variable, e.g.:

    DECOUPLE_CONFIGURATION=staging.env python program.py
    
    opened by balta2ar 6
  • UTF-8 support in .env

    UTF-8 support in .env

    Hi, first of all, thanks for nice library! It's awesome software 👍 I need to use UTF-8 in .env and want to use python-decouple for this, but I suppose it won't work with UTF-8, because it doesn't pass encoding param to open function: https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/blob/24cc51c7880b79d81b5a75c2d441a41428792aa6/decouple.py#L125 So it will fallback to locale.getpreferredencoding(), as specified in Python docs, which is platform dependent. On my Windows 10 its cp1251, but I want to write UTF-8 in .env and be sure it will be read correctly by python-decouple. It would be nice, if we could pass encoding kwarg to config() and it will be used in open() (or default if this kwarg is not specified) Feel free to notify me, if I can help with something

    opened by dimadk24 6
  • = Symbol Breaking Decouple

    = Symbol Breaking Decouple

    Using decouple with a Django project to separate passwords from my settings.py file. I've got an element in a .env file, i.e: SECRET_KEY=myrandompassword124$%=

    Which returns: raise UndefinedValueError('{} not found. Declare it as envvar or define a default value.'.format(option)) decouple.UndefinedValueError: SECRET_KEY not found. Declare it as envvar or define a default value.

    I'm guessing the equals sign at the end of the string is throwing decouple for a loop. Any ideas on how to fix? I'd prefer not to have to change the Django key.

    opened by jmurphy17 6
  • Use # and utf-8 in Csv parsing

    Use # and utf-8 in Csv parsing

    The Csv parsing uses shlex and it usually escape # beacuse it is a comment char. Also it don't support UTF-8 chars.

    @henriquebastos Do you think it's better to keep this way or change it?

    opened by thiagogds 6
  • Csv(None) hangs

    Csv(None) hangs

    The shlex splitter hangs with None as input, so config("FOO", default=None, cast=Csv()) hangs the application.

    I expected it to return an empty list. I think Csv()(None) should return [] because if it was a required config, it would fail before.

    from decouple import Csv
    Csv()(None)  # it hangs
    

    To understand what was hanging, I tried it:

    from shlex import shlex
    splitter = shlex(None, posix=True)
    list(splitter)  # it hangs
    

    Based on docs:

    Since the split() function instantiates a shlex instance, passing None for s will read the string to split from standard input.)

    opened by iurisilvio 0
  • Feature Request: Fallback to .env.example

    Feature Request: Fallback to .env.example

    Hi,

    Thank you so much for this great package.

    Would it be possible to do a fallback on .env.example when the value is not in .env?

    Currently, in our github action, we have to rename .env.example to .env in order to run the tests. Also, when someone adds a value to .env.example that I don't really need, I should still be able to run the application. This will allow .env to be shorter and contains only the values that I need to change.

    opened by aqeelat 0
  • Fix infinite recursion on Windows (Sourcery refactored)

    Fix infinite recursion on Windows (Sourcery refactored)

    Pull Request #137 refactored by Sourcery.

    Since the original Pull Request was opened as a fork in a contributor's repository, we are unable to create a Pull Request branching from it.

    To incorporate these changes, you can either:

    1. Merge this Pull Request instead of the original, or

    2. Ask your contributor to locally incorporate these commits and push them to the original Pull Request

      Incorporate changes via command line
      git fetch https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple pull/137/head
      git merge --ff-only FETCH_HEAD
      git push

    NOTE: As code is pushed to the original Pull Request, Sourcery will re-run and update (force-push) this Pull Request with new refactorings as necessary. If Sourcery finds no refactorings at any point, this Pull Request will be closed automatically.

    See our documentation here.

    Run Sourcery locally

    Reduce the feedback loop during development by using the Sourcery editor plugin:

    Help us improve this pull request!

    opened by sourcery-ai[bot] 1
  • Added get method in AutoConfig class

    Added get method in AutoConfig class

    Added a method called get() in AutoConfig class. It will basically produce the same results as calling config() object, but more intuitive because get is an action. Therefore instead of just calling config object, we call config's get method: config.get()

    opened by mjthecoder65 0
Releases(v3.6)
  • v3.6(Feb 2, 2022)

    What's Changed

    • Update Changelog to reflect latest versions by @stevejalim in https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/pull/129
    • fix: replace strtobool for local function by @ZandorSabino in https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/pull/128

    New Contributors

    • @stevejalim made their first contribution in https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/pull/129
    • @ZandorSabino made their first contribution in https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/pull/128

    Full Changelog: https://github.com/henriquebastos/python-decouple/compare/v3.5...v3.6

    Source code(tar.gz)
    Source code(zip)
Owner
Henrique Bastos
Interested in autonomy hacking
Henrique Bastos
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