Implemented shortest-circuit disambiguation, maximum probability disambiguation, HMM-based lexical annotation and BiLSTM+CRF-based named entity recognition

Overview

To Startup

进入根目录(ner文件夹 或 seg_tag文件夹),执行:

pip install -r requirements.txt

等待环境配置完成

程序入口为main.py文件,执行:

python main.py

seg_tag文件夹中将会一次性输出:

  1. 最大概率分词结果与P、R、F
  2. 最大概率分词(加法平滑)结果与P、R、F
  3. 最大概率分词(Jelinek-Mercer插值法平滑)结果与P、R、F
  4. 最短路分词结果与P、R、F
  5. 词性标注结果与两种评分的P、R、F
  6. 各算法耗时

ner文件夹中将会输出:

  1. 各标签的数量和各自的P、R、F
  2. 测试集上的P、R、F
  3. 混淆矩阵
  4. 算法耗时

自动分词与词性标注部分

文件结构

D:.
│  clean.ipynb # 处理数据集dag.py # 建图dictionary.py # 建立词典main.py # 程序入口mpseg.py # 最大概率分词模块pos.py # 词性标注模块spseg.py # 最短路分词模块requirements.txttrie.py # trie树score.py # 函数
│
├─data # 数据集sequences.txtwordpieces.txt
│          
└─__pycache__

每个模块均经过单元测试和集成测试

代码注释采用Google风格

建立词典

定义class Trie作为词典数据结构,在Trie的尾节点保存该词出现的次数与词性。

使用Trie可以最大化节约空间开销。

定义class Dictionary作为词典,并统计词频、词性、转移矩阵、发射矩阵等。

基于词典的最短路分词

给定句子sentence[N],调用类SPseg中的spcut方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 依据词典建立有向无环图(调用类DAG
  2. 最短路dp (调用dp函数)
  3. 回溯得到最短路径
  4. 返回分词结果

最短路分词获得的是尽可能小的分词集合。

基于统计的最大概率分词

给定句子sentence[N],调用类MPseg中的mpcut方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 依据词典建立有向无环图(调用类DAG
  2. 根据类Dictionary中统计的词频计算边权(边权为该词出现的概率)
  3. 最短路dp (调用dp函数)
  4. 回溯得到最短路径
  5. 返回分词结果

最大概率分词得到的分词结果y满足 $$ y = argmax{P(y|x)} = argmax \frac{P(x|y)P(y)}{P(x)} $$ 其中$P(x), P(x|y)$是常数,即: $$ y & = argmax P(y|x)\ & = argmax P(y) \ & = argmax \prod_1^n P(w_i) \ & = argmax log(\prod_1^n P(w_i))\ & = argmin (- \sum_i^m log(P(w_i)) )\ $$ 最大概率即可等价于在DAG上求边权为$-log(P)$的最短路径

数据平滑

考虑到unseen event,对于频率为0的事件,我们也应分配一定的概率。

代码给出了两种数据平滑方式:

  1. Adding smoothing (加法平滑方法)
  2. Jelinek-Mercer interpolation (JM插值法)

Adding smoothing: $$ P(w_i) = \frac{\delta + c(w_i)}{\delta|V| + \sum_j c(w_j)} $$ 代码中取$\delta = 1$

Jelinek-Mercer interpolation $$ P(w_i) = \lambda P_{ML}(w_i) + (1-\lambda)P_{unif} $$ 思想为n元模型的概率由n元模型和n-1元模型插值而成

代码中取0元模型为均匀分布:$P_{unif} = \frac{1}{|V|}$,并给出$\lambda$的默认值为0.9

基于HMM的词性标注

HMM是一种概率图模型,基于统计学习得到emission matrix和transition matrix,推断给定观测序列(分词结果)的隐状态(词性序列)。

给出分词结果,调用类WordTagging中的tagging方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 根据词频计算发射概率和转移概率
  2. Viterbi decoding,找到具有最大概率的隐状态序列
  3. 回溯,得到隐状态序列

HMM经Viterbi解码得到的词性序列满足: $$ y & = argmax P(y|x)\ & = argmax \frac{P(y)P(x|y)}{P(x)} \ & = argmax P(y)\ & = argmax {\pi[t_i]b_1[w_1] \prod_1^{n-1} a[t_i][t_{i+1}]b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}]} \ & = argmax {log(\pi[t_i]b_1[w_1] \prod_1^{n-1} a[t_i][t_{i+1}]b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}])}\ & = argmin {-( log(\pi[t_i]) + log(b_1[w_1]) + \sum_i^m {log(a[t_i][t_{i+1}])+log(b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}])} )}\ $$

准确率、召回率、F1 score与性能

由公式: $$ P = \frac{系统输出的正确结果}{系统输出的全部结果个数} \ R = \frac{系统输出的正确结果}{测试集中的结果个数} \ F = \frac{2\times P \times R}{P+R} $$ 执行python main.py命令,在测试数据上推断,可得到上述全部分词、词性标注结果,并得到准确率、召回率、F1 score和性能指标

分词准确率:MP(with JM smoothing) = MP(with Add1 smoothing) > MP(no smoothing) = SP

使用平滑技术能得到更好的分词效果,统计方法(MP)比词典法能得到更好的分词效果。

HMM词性标注中,先利用MP(with JM smoothing) 法分词,再对分词结果进行词性标注。同时采用了粗略的评价指标(不考虑顺序)和严格的评价指标(考虑顺序)。

对于给定的长为N的序列:

Methods Inference Time Complexity
MP分词 $O(N+M)$
SP分词 $O(N+M)$
HMM词性标注 $O(T^2N)$

其中,$M$为DAG中的边数,$T$词性总数。因此三个算法的推断复杂度都是线性的

命名实体识别部分

采用BiLSTM+CRF模型

img

其中,BiLSTM输入是给定的sentence(embedding sequence),输出为该词对应的命名实体标签。它通过双向的设置学习到观测序列(输入的字)之间的依赖,在训练过程中,LSTM能够根据目标(比如识别实体)自动提取观测序列的特征。但是,BiLSTM无法学习到输出序列之间的依赖与约束关系。

CRF等同于在BiLSTM的输出上添加了一层约束,使得模型也能学习到输出序列内部之间的的依赖。传统的CRF需要人为给出特征模板,但在该模型中,特征函数将由模型自行学习得到。

文件结构

D:.
│  dataloader.py # 载入数据集evaluation.py # 评估模型main.py # 程序入口model.py # BiLSTM、BiLSTM+CRF模型utils.py # 函数requirements.txt
│
├─data_ner # 数据集dev.char.bmestest.char.bmestrain.char.bmes
│
├─results # 训练好的模型BiLSTM+CRF.pkl
│
└─__pycache__

参数设置

Total epoches Batch size learning rate hidden size embedding size
30 64 0.001 128 128

每结束一个epoch,模型在验证集上评估,选取在验证集上效果最好的模型作为最终模型(optimal model)。

模型在测试集上能达到95%以上的准确率。

Reference

[1] 宗成庆 《统计自然语言处理》

[2] Lample G, Ballesteros M, Subramanian S, et al. Neural architectures for named entity recognition[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.01360, 2016.

[3] blog: 1. Understanding LSTM Networks -- colah's blog, 2. CRF Layer on the Top of BiLSTM - 1 | CreateMoMo

[4] code: 1. hiyoung123/ChineseSegmentation: 中文分词 (github.com) ,2. luopeixiang/named_entity_recognition: 中文命名实体识别(github.com), 3. Advanced: Making Dynamic Decisions and the Bi-LSTM CRF — PyTorch Tutorials 1.9.1+cu102 documentation

[5] dataset: 1. jiesutd/LatticeLSTM: Chinese NER using Lattice LSTM. Code for ACL 2018 paper. (github.com), 2. 人民日报1998

PyTorch implementation and pretrained models for XCiT models. See XCiT: Cross-Covariance Image Transformer

Cross-Covariance Image Transformer (XCiT) PyTorch implementation and pretrained models for XCiT models. See XCiT: Cross-Covariance Image Transformer L

Facebook Research 605 Jan 02, 2023
Official implementation of Meta-StyleSpeech and StyleSpeech

Meta-StyleSpeech : Multi-Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech Generation Dongchan Min, Dong Bok Lee, Eunho Yang, and Sung Ju Hwang This is an official code

min95 169 Jan 05, 2023
A python package to fine-tune transformer-based models for named entity recognition (NER).

nerblackbox A python package to fine-tune transformer-based language models for named entity recognition (NER). Resources Source Code: https://github.

Felix Stollenwerk 13 Jul 30, 2022
Unofficial Python library for using the Polish Wordnet (plWordNet / Słowosieć)

Polish Wordnet Python library Simple, easy-to-use and reasonably fast library for using the Słowosieć (also known as PlWordNet) - a lexico-semantic da

Max Adamski 12 Dec 23, 2022
This repository serves as a place to document a toy attempt on how to create a generative text model in Catalan, based on GPT-2

GPT-2 Catalan playground and scripts to train a GPT-2 model either from scrath or from another pretrained model.

Laura 1 Jan 28, 2022
Ukrainian TTS (text-to-speech) using Coqui TTS

title emoji colorFrom colorTo sdk app_file pinned Ukrainian TTS 🐸 green green gradio app.py false Ukrainian TTS 📢 🤖 Ukrainian TTS (text-to-speech)

Yurii Paniv 85 Dec 26, 2022
Final Project for the Intel AI Readiness Boot Camp NLP (Jan)

NLP Boot Camp (Jan) Synopsis Full Name: Prameya Mohanty Name of your School: Delhi Public School, Rourkela Class: VIII Title of the Project: iTransect

TheCodingHub 1 Feb 01, 2022
pytorch implementation of Attention is all you need

A Pytorch Implementation of the Transformer: Attention Is All You Need Our implementation is largely based on Tensorflow implementation Requirements N

230 Dec 07, 2022
Sapiens is a human antibody language model based on BERT.

Sapiens: Human antibody language model ____ _ / ___| __ _ _ __ (_) ___ _ __ ___ \___ \ / _` | '_ \| |/ _ \ '

Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. 13 Nov 20, 2022
DLO8012: Natural Language Processing & CSL804: Computational Lab - II

NATURAL-LANGUAGE-PROCESSING-AND-COMPUTATIONAL-LAB-II DLO8012: NLP & CSL804: CL-II [SEMESTER VIII] Syllabus NLP - Reference Books THE WALL MEGA SATISH

AMEY THAKUR 7 Apr 28, 2022
STonKGs is a Sophisticated Transformer that can be jointly trained on biomedical text and knowledge graphs

STonKGs STonKGs is a Sophisticated Transformer that can be jointly trained on biomedical text and knowledge graphs. This multimodal Transformer combin

STonKGs 27 Aug 11, 2022
Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)

TOPSIS implementation in Python Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) CHING-LAI Hwang and Yoon introduced TOPSIS

Hamed Baziyad 8 Dec 10, 2022
nlp基础任务

NLP算法 说明 此算法仓库包括文本分类、序列标注、关系抽取、文本匹配、文本相似度匹配这五个主流NLP任务,涉及到22个相关的模型算法。 框架结构 文件结构 all_models ├── Base_line │   ├── __init__.py │   ├── base_data_process.

zuxinqi 23 Sep 22, 2022
A library for end-to-end learning of embedding index and retrieval model

Poeem Poeem is a library for efficient approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search, which has been widely adopted in industrial recommendation, advertis

54 Dec 21, 2022
Fast, DB Backed pretrained word embeddings for natural language processing.

Embeddings Embeddings is a python package that provides pretrained word embeddings for natural language processing and machine learning. Instead of lo

Victor Zhong 212 Nov 21, 2022
Finally, some decent sample sentences

tts-dataset-prompts This repository aims to be a decent set of sentences for people looking to clone their own voices (e.g. using Tacotron 2). Each se

hecko 19 Dec 13, 2022
Mirco Ravanelli 2.3k Dec 27, 2022
Index different CKAN entities in Solr, not just datasets

ckanext-sitesearch Index different CKAN entities in Solr, not just datasets Requirements This extension requires CKAN 2.9 or higher and Python 3 Featu

Open Knowledge Foundation 3 Dec 02, 2022
Simple translation demo showcasing our headliner package.

Headliner Demo This is a demo showcasing our Headliner package. In particular, we trained a simple seq2seq model on an English-German dataset. We didn

Axel Springer News Media & Tech GmbH & Co. KG - Ideas Engineering 16 Nov 24, 2022
New Modeling The Background CodeBase

Modeling the Background for Incremental Learning in Semantic Segmentation This is the updated official PyTorch implementation of our work: "Modeling t

Fabio Cermelli 9 Dec 28, 2022