PyEFD
An Python/NumPy implementation of a method for approximating a contour with a Fourier series, as described in [1].
Installation
pip install pyefd
Usage
Given a closed contour of a shape, generated by e.g. scikit-image or OpenCV, this package can fit a Fourier series approximating the shape of the contour.
General usage examples
This section describes the general usage patterns of pyefd.
from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10)
The coefficients returned are the a_n, b_n, c_n and d_n of the following Fourier series representation of the shape.
The coefficients returned are by default normalized so that they are rotation and size-invariant. This can be overridden by calling:
from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10, normalize=False)
Normalization can also be done afterwards:
from pyefd import normalize_efd
coeffs = normalize_efd(coeffs)
OpenCV example
If you are using OpenCV to generate contours, this example shows how to connect it to pyefd.
import cv2
import numpy
from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
# Find the contours of a binary image using OpenCV.
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(
im, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
# Iterate through all contours found and store each contour's
# elliptical Fourier descriptor's coefficients.
coeffs = []
for cnt in contours:
# Find the coefficients of all contours
coeffs.append(elliptic_fourier_descriptors(
numpy.squeeze(cnt), order=10))
Using EFD as features
To use these as features, one can write a small wrapper function:
from pyefd import elliptic_fourier_descriptors
def efd_feature(contour):
coeffs = elliptic_fourier_descriptors(contour, order=10, normalize=True)
return coeffs.flatten()[3:]
If the coefficients are normalized, then coeffs[0, 0] = 1.0, coeffs[0, 1] = 0.0 and coeffs[0, 2] = 0.0, so they can be disregarded when using the elliptic Fourier descriptors as features.
See [1] for more technical details.
Testing
Run tests with with Pytest:
py.test tests.py
The tests include a single image from the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits ([2]) as a contour to use for testing.
Documentation
See ReadTheDocs.
References
[1]: Frank P Kuhl, Charles R Giardina, Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, Volume 18, Issue 3, 1982, Pages 236-258, ISSN 0146-664X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-664X(82)90034-X.
[2]: LeCun et al. (1999): The MNIST Dataset Of Handwritten Digits
4.5k Jan 03, 2023
19 Dec 11, 2022
6 May 03, 2022
630 Jan 03, 2023
13 Dec 13, 2022
1 Dec 17, 2021
2 Dec 06, 2022
260 Dec 06, 2022
336 Nov 25, 2022
9 Dec 13, 2021
2.8k Dec 30, 2022
[email protected]">
33 Dec 28, 2022
394 Dec 28, 2022
5 Nov 25, 2022
551 Dec 29, 2022
21.8k Jan 09, 2023
47 Dec 09, 2022
111 Dec 11, 2022
5 Dec 21, 2021
2 Dec 13, 2021